Renewable Energy Use, Agricultural Productivity, and Economic Expansion Impact on Environmental Sustainability in India

ABSTRACT This research aims to explore the effects of agricultural productivity and the use of renewable energy sources on India's CO 2 emissions while taking economic expansion into concern based on data during 1985–2022. This study applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, dynamic‐ordinary least square (DOLS), fully‐modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), and gradual shift causality testing based on the paper's goal. The results unequivocal energy and that, whereas CO 2 emissions in India are lowered by agricultural productivity and renewable‐energy consumption, CO 2 emissions are raised by economic expansion. When using ARDL, DOLS, FMOLS and estimators, the gradual shift causality test yields consistent findings. This paper proposed regulatory policy instruments that are powerful enough to prevent environmental deterioration in order to promote sustainable development.