Precision fermentation and cultured proteins: redefining protein production and nutritional strategies in modern pet food systems-mini review

The pet food sector is experiencing a profound scientific transition driven by increasing demand for nutritionally precise, environmentally sustainable, and ethically responsible protein sources. Traditional reliance on livestock-derived ingredients has raised concerns regarding resource inefficiency, environmental impact, raw material variability, and long-term sustainability. In response, advances in biotechnology, particularly precision fermentation and cultured protein technologies—have emerged as promising alternatives capable of transforming protein production for companion animal nutrition. Precision fermentation enables the microbial synthesis of animal-identical or functionally enhanced proteins with high consistency and safety, while cultured proteins are generated through the controlled growth of animal cells without conventional animal agriculture. This review critically examines the scientific foundations, nutritional quality, functional performance, sustainability implications, safety considerations, and regulatory challenges associated with these technologies. Current evidence suggests that both precision-fermented and cultured proteins can provide digestible, bioavailable, and nutritionally adequate protein sources for pet foods. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding long-term health outcomes, micronutrient optimization, and large-scale economic feasibility. Collectively, these emerging technologies represent a paradigm shift toward nutrition-by-design and offer a compelling pathway for the future of sustainable pet food systems.