Seed-transmitted viruses of cereal crops in Ukraine: epidemiology, mechanisms of spread and phytosanitary control strategies

Goal. To conduct a comprehensive review of current data on seed-transmitted viruses of grain crops prevalent in Ukraine, analyzing their epidemiology, transmission mechanisms, phytosanitary control and preventive measures, while considering the impact of these pathogens on agroecosystems and risks to national grain production. Methods. The review methodology was based on the systematization of scientific publications, regulatory sources, and international standards concerning the specifics of seed infection, the role of reservoir plants and vectors, as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of preventive strategies in the context of modern agronomic practices and seed production systems. Results. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of seed and vector transmission for key viruses impacting Ukraine’s grain crops economically. It identifies their epidemiological role in sustaining infections within agrocoenoses and emphasizes the importance of natural reservoirs and the «green bridge». Critical elements of prevention and phytosanitary control are delineated, including the adoption of virus-free seeds, spatial-temporal isolation of crops, and the deployment of genetically resistant varieties. Conclusion. An integrated approach combining seed material testing and certification, agronomic measures, management of the «green bridge» (volunteer plants, segetal, and wild flora), and the use of varieties with enhanced resistance is a key prerequisite for reducing the risk of spread of viral diseases in grain crops and minimizing production losses.