Impaired myelination in multiple sclerosis organoids: p21 links oligodendrocyte dysfunction to disease subtype

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The cause of the disease is unknown but both genetic and environmental factors are strongly involved in its pathogenesis. We derived cerebral and spinal cord organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from healthy controls as well as from primary progressive MS (PPMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients to investigate and compare oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination capacity. In MS organoids, particularly in PPMS, we observed a decrease in p21 expression associated with a dysregulation of PAK1 and E2F1 expression. In parallel, a decrease in oligodendrocyte maturation was detected in long-term cultured cerebral and spinal cord organoids, especially in PPMS, leading to a reduced myelination capacity. Disruption of astrocyte and neuronal populations was also observed. Our findings demonstrate that in MS, inherent deficits in the p21 pathway may alter glial and neuronal cell populations and may contribute to the disease pathogenesis by reducing the capacity for myelin repair.