Advanced Analytical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Pharmaceutical analysis plays an essential role in drug discovery, development, manufacturing, and quality control. With the increasing complexity of modern therapeutics including biologics, nanoparticles, and complex small molecules advanced analytical techniques are indispensable for ensuring safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance. This chapter presents an overview of state-of-the-art analytical methods used in pharmaceutical analysis, encompassing spectroscopic, chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and hyphenated techniques. Emphasis is placed on principle, instrumentation, applications, advantages, and limitations of each technique. Emerging trends such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, chemometrics, and real-time process analytical technology (PAT) are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a perspective on future challenges and developments.