The Prophet Muhammad's Political Transformation: From Tribal Solidarity to Faith

This study analyzes the political transformation brought about by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), who shifted a tribal-based social system to a community-based one. This change occurred through hijrah, the institution of mu'ākhāt, and the Medina Charter. The study uses a qualitative approach and literature review. It draws on classical sources, such as al-Ṭabarī, and integrates modern studies on pluralistic societies. The Medina Charter emerges as an inclusive social contract that promotes religious freedom, equal citizenship, collective security, and four dimensions of ukhuwah: dīniyah, islāmiyah, basyariyah, and waṭaniyah. The study links the Prophet's model of political transformation to identity polarization problems in Indonesia. These problems share structural similarities with pre-Islamic segmentation. Drawing on Nurcholish Madjid's ideas, the thesis argues that the Medina Charter's community values offer a relevant civic ethic to address social fragmentation today. The research confirms that the Medina Charter is a governance model with historical value and relevance for modern nations.