Immune-modified exosome vaccine loaded with liver cancer epitope peptides induces potent and specific antitumor immunity

DEX_AGNP is a modular exosome vaccine that combines epitope-specific antigen presentation with immune activation and PD-L1 blockade, enabling robust antitumor T-cell responses across complementary liver cancer models. This engineered DEX platform provides a practical blueprint for developing next-generation exosome-based cancer vaccines.