Entrained debris records regrowth of the Greenland Ice Sheet after the last interglacial

Radio echo sounding data reveal intensely deformed structures deep within the northern Greenland Ice Sheet. The geometry of these structures has been well studied, but their physical properties remain poorly understood. Here we investigate their scattering characteristics using radar swath imaging. Strong, diffuse backscattering implies that these features are not simply deformed meteoric layers, but instead contain distinct horizons of subglacially sourced debris. In many places, this debris is transported more than 1,000 m above the bed, altering ice strength and concentrating deformation in ways not captured by current ice-sheet models. These structures are widespread across northern Greenland, despite being absent in comparable glaciological settings elsewhere in Greenland and Antarctica. Based on their geometry, distribution and composition, we argue they formed as a result of transient basal thermal conditions experienced as the ice sheet regrew from its minimum extent during the last interglacial period (around 120,000 years ago). Our results suggest a substantially reduced ice sheet during the last interglacial, surging behaviour during regrowth of terrestrial ice sheets, the potential for old-ice preservation above and below imaged debris layers, and the need for material heterogeneity in models designed to reproduce the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Englacial structures in the Greenland Ice Sheet contain debris lifted hundreds of metres into the ice column, likely forming as the expanding ice sheet overrode its frozen margin following the last interglacial, according to 3D airborne radar imaging.