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Cognitive late effects are prevalent and impactful among pediatric cancer survivors, significantly affecting their long-term quality of life. Computer-based cognitive training has emerged as a promising and feasible intervention to address these cognitive deficits. This systematic review synthesizes the current evidence on the efficacy of computer-based cognitive training in pediatric cancer patients and highlights future directions for this therapeutic approach. Five electronic databases were searched from the inception of the databases to 1 June 2025. Studies were included if they used randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs to evaluate the effect of computer-Based cognitive training on pediatric cancer survivors. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria with 536 children with cancer were included. While neurofeedback-based training showed limited efficacy, other computerized cognitive training programs positively affected cognitive functions, particularly enhancing working memory, attention, and daily living skills. The intervention frequency of the papers included in the study ranged from 2 to 5 times per week, each session lasting 30 to 50 min, and the duration varied from 5 weeks to 16 weeks. These findings suggest that computer-based cognitive training interventions may effectively mitigate cancer-related cognitive late effects, supporting their integration into long-term survivorship care to strengthen cognitive recovery. Future research should focus on rigorous experimental methodologies, larger sample sizes, and subgroup analyses to refine and optimize computer-based cognitive training for pediatric cancer patients. These advancements will contribute to developing tailored interventions that enhance cognitive outcomes and overall quality of life for this vulnerable population.