Evolutionary insights and structural characterization guide the development of RAG1/RAG2-deficient swine models for immunological research

Introduction Defects in RAG1/RAG2 -mediated V(D)J recombination cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a disorder characterized by the absence of mature T and B lymphocytes resulting from impaired antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Although evolutionary analyses demonstrate strong conservation of the catalytic core domains of RAG1/RAG2 across jawed vertebrates, structural divergence among species highlights the need for physiologically relevant large-animal models to evaluate human disease mechanisms. Pigs represent an advantageous model for human pathologies because of their close immunological and physiological similarities to humans. Methods In this study, we performed evolutionary profiling, conservation analysis, tertiary structural modeling, and protein docking to characterize pig RAG1 and RAG2 and predict their functional roles in V(D)J recombination. These predictions were experimentally validated through the generation of RAG1 and RAG2 knockout pigs using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Results Our findings define key structural features of pig RAG1 and RAG2 that are essential for V(D)J recombination and establish an integrated framework that combines comprehensive computational analyses with in vivo experimental validation. Discussion This approach supports the development of pigs as physiologically relevant models of RAG deficiency and provides a foundation for future studies in pig immunology, genome editing, and translational research. Furthermore, these immunodeficient pigs permit long-term engraftment of human tissue xenografts and stem cell-derived teratomas, thereby enabling investigations of human immune reconstitution, cancer biology, and regenerative medicine. Collectively, this model offers a robust platform for immunotherapy development and for advancing studies in evolutionary and comparative immunology research.