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This dataset contains the modelled laying dates for Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) across mainland Spain, derived from a nationwide spatio‑temporal analysis integrating meteorological, spatial and breeding phenology data. Laying dates were predicted using a Generalized Additive Mixed Modelling (GAMM) framework, incorporating smooth spatial terms, altitude, April precipitation, and random‑effect smooths for locality and year. The dataset includes annual predictions for each 10×10 km UTM grid cell within the species’ breeding distribution in Spain (2010–2023), standardized as ISO week numbers. These outputs form the laying‑date component used to quantify the temporal overlap risk between breeding and cereal harvest timing at the national scale. Data include:– Grid cell ID (10×10 km UTM)– Longitude — centroid longitude of the 10×10 km grid cell, in decimal degrees (WGS84, EPSG:4326).– Latitude — centroid latitude of the 10×10 km grid cell, in decimal degrees (WGS84, EPSG:4326).– Year– Predicted laying week (ISO‑8601 week number) Applications:– Conservation planning for ground‑nesting farmland birds– Spatial prioritization of nest protection programs– Risk mapping and agroecological modelling– Reproducibility of the publication’s analyses Methods summary:Laying dates were modelled using a GAMM fitted with penalized splines for spatial coordinates and altitude, April precipitation as the only retained climatic predictor (after VIF filtering), and random‑effect smooths for locality and year. Extreme values were removed using the IQR method to exclude replacement clutches. Predictions were generated for each grid cell using CHELSA + AEMET integrated meteorological data.