Optimizing antihydrogen production via slow plasma merging

We present advances in plasma control and diagnosis, leading to the production of exceptionally large quantities of neutral antimatter. We measure the time-dependent temperature and density distribution of antiprotons and positrons while slowly combining them to make antihydrogen atoms in a nested Penning–Malmberg trap. The total antihydrogen yield and the number of atoms escaping the trap as a beam are greatest when the positron temperature is lowest and when antiprotons enter the positron plasma at the smallest radius. We control these parameters by changing the rate at which we lower the electrostatic barrier between the antiproton and positron plasmas and by heating the positrons. With the optimal settings, we produce 2.3×106 antihydrogen atoms per 15-min run, surpassing the previous state of the art (3.1×104 atoms in 4 min) and the most recent advances in other experiments by factors of 20 and 5, respectively.