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In this work, experimental studies were conducted on the damage failure of laminated composite laminates under low-velocity impact and compressive failure behavior under compression after impact. The study primarily investigated the effects of stitch density, impact energy, and laminate thickness on the damage behavior of composite laminates. The experimental results indicate that at impact energies of 10 J, 15 J, and 20 J, the stitched specimens demonstrated higher impact resistance. When the stitch density was 10 × 10 mm, the average maximum impact force of the stitched specimens increased by 13.14%, 15.83%, and 21.48%, respectively, compared to the unstitched specimens. This was mainly attributed to the resin threads formed by the stitches, which enhance the through-thickness strength of the laminate, with the strengthening effect being positively correlated with stitch density. Under 20 J, the strength of the three groups of specimens with different stitching densities increased by 9.24%, 14.58%, and 21.48%, respectively, compared to the unstitched specimens. Under lower impact energies, the bending stiffness of the laminate itself was sufficient to resist the impact force, resulting in minimal differences in residual displacement among different specimens. Furthermore, the study found that under identical impact energy, stitch thread significantly suppressed delamination damage in thin specimens, whereas its effect on thick specimens was comparatively limited. The stitching also had a positive effect on the residual compressive strength of the specimens. Under 20 J impact energy, compared to the unstitched specimens, the residual compressive strength of the three groups of stitched specimens increased by 6.52%, 17.71%, and 27.48%, respectively. The mode of compression after impact failure also differed: unstitched laminated specimens mainly exhibited delamination damage, with cracks propagating along the width direction, while stitched laminated specimens demonstrated strength failure. Under axial compression, stress was released at the stitching points, leading to small-scale cracks along the fiber direction at these locations. Overall, the stitching process effectively enhances the impact resistance of laminated boards. Higher stitching density correlates with greater compressive residual strength, with this effect being more pronounced in thin-plate specimens.