Neutral Harmonics in a Low-Voltage Campus Microgrid: Long-Term Power Quality Statistics and Standards-Based Mitigation to Reduce Losses and Improve Resilience

The energy transition and electrification are increasing the use of power electronics in low-voltage networks, increasing losses and reducing service availability when harmonic currents are concentrated in the neutral. This study statistically evaluates power quality in a campus-type microgrid with a high proportion of nonlinear loads. The novelty of the work lies in combining field measurements, percentile-based neutral-current severity analysis, and standards-based comparative mitigation assessment in a low-voltage 3P4W campus microgrid. A campaign was carried out using a Fluke 1775 analyzer, recording trends, frequency, and events. Approximately 1900 events were recorded, mainly waveform deviations, interruptions, and rapid voltage changes. Voltage distortion was moderate, with a 95th percentile between 3.6% and 3.8%, while the neutral conductor concentrated the highest severity: neutral-current THD exceeded 220% in the 95th percentile and reached maximums above 700%, with 16.78 A in the 95th percentile at the measurement point. Based on IEC 61000-2-2 and IEEE 519, four mitigation measures were evaluated in DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024 to estimate and reduce losses and heating: load balancing, detuned compensation, passive filtering, and active filtering. Active mitigation reduced the neutral harmonic component by 80% and the combined strategy decreased the neutral current at the measuring point by 78% (16.78 A to 3.69 A), with an estimated reduction in resistive losses of close to 95%. These results suggest sustainability benefits by reducing energy wasted as heat, extending the useful life of the infrastructure and improving operational resilience.