The Journey of Diabetes Treatment: From the Discovery of Insulin to the Artificial Pancreas

This comprehensive analytical report traces the historical and technological evolution of diabetes management over the past century . It begins with the landmark discovery of insulin in 1921, detailing the contributions of Banting, Best, and their colleagues. The paper further explores the development of treatment protocols, from early animal-derived extracts to modern recombinant human insulin and rapid-acting analog. A central focus is placed on the shift toward Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) systems, often referred to as the "Artificial Pancreas". The report analyzes modern hybrid closed-loop systems, their governing algorithms, and the clinical significance of real-time monitoring through CGM technology. Uniquely, this work includes a computational simulation in Python to illustrate the mathematical logic and control loop essential for automated insulin dosing based on glucose fluctuations . Finally, the report addresses the socio-economic challenges of insulin accessibility and offers future research recommendations for developing smarter, more affordable healthcare solutions .