Occupational safety and health in the formal and informal sectors: a workplace-based survey in Freetown, Sierra Leone (2023)

In Sierra Leone, poor access to health and safety measures remains among the causes of occupational hazards. Further understanding is required regarding how to enhance safety and well-being in the workplace. This study aimed to assess occupational health and safety (OHS) in both the formal and informal sectors while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and compliance by sector. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 516 participants. Using a multistage stratified sampling approach, data were collected with a validated, semi-structured questionnaire. This instrument measured sociodemographic characteristics, workplace safety policies, safety factors, and primary outcome variables such as compliance. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used at a significant level (p < 0.05) to examine associations between independent and outcome variables. Cross-sectional design captures a moment in time, not a trend, while self-reported data may overstate positive practices. A significantly greater percentage of the formal sector (76.9%) had safety policies than did the informal sector (23.7%). Most participants (81.8%) acknowledged the significance of emergency exits, with a higher level of recognition observed in the formal sector compared to the informal sector (92.9% versus 72.3%, respectively). Poor ergonomics was prevalent (54.5%), especially in the formal sector (62.9%). Male sex was significantly associated with lower odds of OHS compliance than female sex was (OR = 0.1; 95% CI 0.02–0.38; p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed key factors associated with OHS compliance: awareness of national OHS policy in the workplace (aOR = 10.4; 95% CI 1.76–61.20; p < 0.010). The study revealed a significant disparity in OHS measures between the formal and informal sectors, with the formal sector showing better compliance with OHS procedures. We recommend that employers establish inclusive workplace policies and tailor training programmes and that the Ministry of Labour and Social Security implement comprehensive OHS policies.