Short overview of solid, gas, cryogenic, and liquid targets fabrication for single beam high power laser experiments

We review prevalent fabrication techniques for targets used in high-power and high-intensity single beam laser experiments, emphasizing their applications and performance.Solid targets include freestanding metallic and carbon films of various thicknesses for particle acceleration studies involving proton and carbon beams, micro/ nanostructured surfaces, as well as near-critical-density materials, such as foams, which enhance laser absorption and coupling, and boron targets for proton-boron fusion experiments.The resulting gamma and proton beams enable applications in isomer production, proton therapy, societal applications, and fundamental studies.The use of gas targets for electron acceleration via the laser wakefield acceleration mechanism is discussed, as are cryogenic clusters undergoing Coulomb explosion.Finally, liquid, cryogenic, and tape target systems are presented as high-repetition-rate and application-oriented solutions, offering high reproducibility and long-term operation.