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The integration of Biomedical Engineering (BME) with broader multidisciplinary collaboration, is increasingly recognized as an essential direction for future medical research and clinical diagnosis and treatment (1,2). In recent years, investigations on biomedical nanomaterials have flourished, with tumor-related nanomaterials accounting for the largest proportion of these studies. As the field has progressed, the focus has gradually shifted from the intrinsic properties and targeted delivery capabilities of nanomaterials to their roles in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and regulating tumor immunity and metabolism (3,4). This Research Topic brings together the latest research findings and viewpoints in the field of nanomaterials in tumor diagnosis and therapy, with a particular focus on the interplay between nanomaterials and tumor immune regulation. The content mainly covers three aspects: enhancing antitumor immunity by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) (5), synergizing with immune checkpoint therapies (6), and overcoming tumor drug resistance while further promoting immune activation-mediated by nanomaterials (7). In summary, with deeper insights into tumor biology and rapid advances across multiple disciplines, cancer therapy has evolved from single-target strategies to multimodal combination therapies (10). Based on the findings and perspectives compiled within this Research Topic, it is evident that dynamic processes such as immune activation and metabolic regulation in tumors are emerging as core targets for the development of antitumor nanomaterials. Notably, immune and metabolic regulation in tumors does not involve a single or limited set of pathways. Moving forward, we propose that researchers design antitumor nanomaterials with dynamic regulatory capabilities based on the tumor immune and metabolic networks (11)(12)(13). It is well recognized that the TME exhibits substantial intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneity (14). Accordingly, the development of antitumor nanomaterials should be adapted to the immune landscape of each tumor for personalized precision therapy.Finally, to elicit a comprehensive antitumor immune response, tumor evolution and immune evasion mechanisms also warrant attention (15). Designing antitumor nanomaterials that target tumor clones and their clone neoantigens may represent a promising avenue for future exploration (16)(17)(18).