MULTIDIMENSIONAL ATTENTION IN ONCOLOGY: CONTRIBUTIONS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS TO THE STUDY OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPIES

Introduction: Cancer constitutes one of the main challenges in global public health due to its high morbidity and mortality and the biological complexity associated with the tumor microenvironment. Traditional experimental models, such as two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models, present important limitations in reproducing cellular interactions and the three-dimensional architecture of tumors. Objective: To analyze the role of three-dimensional platforms in cancer modeling, discussing their biological foundations, technologies used, and applications in tumor investigation and therapy development. Methodology: A literature review was conducted through searches in international scientific databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies published between 2014 and 2025 were considered, using descriptors related to three-dimensional cell culture, organoids, tumor spheroids, 3D bioprinting, and organ-on-a-chip systems. Results: Three-dimensional platforms demonstrate a greater capacity to reproduce tumor heterogeneity, metabolic gradients, and cellular interactions present in the tumor microenvironment. Models such as spheroids, organoids, and three-dimensional bioprinting enable more realistic investigations of tumor progression and present higher predictive value in the screening of antineoplastic drugs. Conclusion: Three-dimensional models represent promising tools for oncological research and for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies, contributing to advances in translational oncology and personalized medicine.