Factors affecting the non-durability of water boreholes in the Bolobo Health Zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Background The sustainability of community-managed boreholes remains a major challenge in rural areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Frequent breakdowns and inadequate maintenance limit access to safe drinking water and increase exposure to water-related health risks. Methods A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in six villages within the Bolobo Health Zone. Data were collected through guided interviews with 367 household heads and members of water management committees using a semi-structured questionnaire. Variables with a p-value < 0.20 in bivariate analysis were included in a multivariable logistic regression model, and those with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess associations. Results Low household income (aOR = 1.011; 95% CI: 1.001–1.059; p = 0.021) and non-contribution to water user fees (aOR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.54–6.68; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with reduced borehole sustainability. Technical factors were particularly influential, including the absence of trained repair artisans (aOR = 124.5; 95% CI: 13.2–981.4; p < 0.001) and limited availability of spare parts. Institutional weaknesses also played a key role, with lack of trained management committees (aOR = 14.22; 95% CI: 2.45–82.1; p = 0.003) significantly compromising sustainability. Conclusions The sustainability of boreholes in Bolobo is shaped by socio-economic capacity, availability of technical support, and the strength of local governance structures. Strengthening financial contributions, building local technical expertise, and improving community-based management systems are critical to ensuring sustained access to safe drinking water in rural DRC.