Living on the margins: Socio-economic deprivation and health risks among urban slum dwellers in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Rapid urbanization in Bangladesh has contributed to the proliferation of informal settlements, exposing slum dwellers to socio-economic deprivation and heightened health risks. This study investigates the demographic, socio-economic, infrastructural, and health conditions of slum residents in Cox’s Bazar City, focusing on Burma Para and Samoti Para over a six-month period, from July 2021 to December 2021. A total of 150 respondents (100 males and 50 females) were surveyed using structured interviews, complemented by observational data and secondary sources. Results indicate that the majority of respondents (66.00%) live in single-room houses, with 55.34% residing in kutcha structures and 43.33% in semi-pacca dwellings. Most households (61.33%) rely on public toilets, and 48.67% practice minimal hygiene using only water. About 50.00% of respondents earn BDT 11,000–20,000 monthly, and 45.33% have no formal savings. Dietary analysis reveals that 59.34% consume vegetables twice daily, while 74.67% consume fish or meat only occasionally. Health assessments show high prevalence of cigarette use (72.67%), fever (28%), skin diseases (26%), and diabetes (13.34%), with environmental factors such as damp housing (32%), open drains (22%), and air pollution (19.39%) contributing significantly. Most respondents (76.67%) seek treatment from doctors, though some rely on pharmacies or traditional healers. Policy recommendations emphasize improving basic amenities (58.67%), housing (28%), education and healthcare (8.67%), and employment opportunities (4.66%). The study highlights the urgent need for inclusive urban planning, targeted slum upgrading, and health interventions to mitigate socio-economic and environmental vulnerabilities. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for municipal authorities, NGOs, and policymakers to enhance living conditions, public health, and sustainable urban development in rapidly growing secondary cities.