Technical Agility and Systems Thinking in the Delivery of Military Simulation Training

Background. Modern Defence forces require adaptable training and simulation environments capable of responding rapidly to shifting operational and geopolitical demands. Legacy, sequential acquisition models often limit responsiveness. Simulation-enabled training, if delivered through agile, system-based practices, can improve readiness and interoperability across Defence domains. Objective. This study examines how the integration of Team and Technical Agility (TTA) and Systems Thinking, operationalised through the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) and reinforced by generative leadership cultures, can enhance Defence simulation delivery and align capability outcomes with the Defence Strategic Review (DSR) and National Defence Strategy (NDS) imperatives. Methods. Using practice-based qualitative analysis, experiential Defence case studies were synthesised and compared against criteria derived from open-source literature workflow efficiency, adaptability, and interoperability. Each case was evaluated to identify how organisational culture and leadership behaviours affected delivery outcomes. Results. Case studies that embedded TTA within SAFe demonstrated faster integration cycles, improved reliability, and stronger cultural alignment with mission needs. Conversely, traditional sequential programs exhibited delays and reduced adaptability. Conclusions. Empowered leadership, cadence-based planning, and DevSecOps-enabled workflows underpin the responsiveness required for future Defence simulation. Embedding technical agility and systems thinking transforms simulation from a support function into a mission-critical capability, enabling joint and coalition readiness.