Circular economy behaviors and well being: identifying the conditions that matter most

Circular economy (CE) behaviors, such as reuse, repair, and sharing, are crucial to sustainable consumption; however, how and when such behaviors influence product users or consumers' personal well being remain underexplored. Specifically, limited insights exist regarding how engagement may foster feelings of enjoyment, a sense of mastery, or social belonging, as well as the contextual conditions under which these outcomes are most likely to emerge. This paper introduces the “Key Aspects of CE Behaviors for Product User Well Being” Framework, which identifies 13 high-level conditions of CE behavior engagements that shape product user well being outcomes. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature and validated through a Delphi study with experts in CE, sufficiency, and consumer well being, the Framework presents a comprehensive theorization of product user well being (PUWB) within the CE context. The Framework serves as an analytical tool for academics and consultants to examine actor influences, while also empowering stakeholders and decision-makers (e.g., businesses, policymakers, and product users) to identify and optimize levers within their respective spheres of influence. Emphasizing integrated application and actor coordination, the Framework provides actionable guidance for fostering supportive social, policy, and infrastructure environments that promote well being. Thus, the Framework lays foundational groundwork for designing people-centered CE strategies that advance both environmental sustainability and quality of life.