Structural Conservation of the A ₁ Binding Site in Photosystem I across Cyanobacteria and Green Algae

Time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy was used to obtain (A1– – A1) FTIR difference spectra from photosystem I (PSI) samples isolated from eight phylogenetically diverse cyanobacterial strains and one green alga, totaling 13 PSI preparations. These included samples from cells grown under far-red light and PSI in monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric states. Spectral profiles were shown to be independent of oligomeric state. Remarkably, all (A1– – A1) FTIR difference spectra exhibited high similarity, underscoring the robustness of the technique and indicating minimal experimental variability. This congruence reveals a highly conserved environment for the phylloquinone cofactor at the A1 binding site across diverse taxa. Conserved bands associated with the A0 pigment further suggest structural continuity from A0 to A1. To leverage this consistency, we constructed a composite (A1– – A1) FTIR difference spectrum by averaging all 13 spectra. This composite spectrum provides enhanced resolution, enabling unambiguous identification of previously unresolved bands. The fact that a highly resolved composite spectrum can be obtained by averaging demonstrates the similarity in the spectra from the different types of samples. Band assignments were refined using prior studies, yielding an improved spectral framework for future investigations of PSI electron transfer cofactors.