Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Narrative Review

Background. Mental health disorders represent a major public health challenge worldwide. Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions and are associated with substantial social and economic burden. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward non-pharmacological interventions supporting prevention and treatment. Physical activity has emerged as a promising strategy due to its availability, safety, and multidimensional health benefits. Aim. The aim of this study was to review current scientific literature on the impact of physical activity on mental health, with emphasis on its role in the prevention and treatment of selected mental disorders. Materials and methods. A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Publications examining the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes were analyzed. The review included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, focusing on clinical outcomes, biological and psychosocial mechanisms, and exercise-based interventions. Results. Evidence indicates that regular physical activity is associated with a reduction in symptoms of depression and anxiety and with improvements in psychological well-being. Exercise also positively influences cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and executive functioning. Proposed mechanisms include increased neurotrophic factors, modulation of neurotransmitter systems, reduced systemic inflammation, and improved self-esteem and social functioning. Conclusions. Physical activity represents an important component supporting mental health and may serve as an effective adjunct to standard treatments. Incorporating regular exercise into preventive and therapeutic programs may improve quality of life and reduce burden on healthcare systems.