Human Health Risk Assessment During the Synthesis and Application of Engineered Nanomaterials in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

Inhalation is a primary route of exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), enabling particles to penetrate deeply into the lungs and subsequently leading to adverse health effects. Human health risk assessment addresses the potential risk posed by ENMs. The aim was achieved by measuring the emissions of ENMs using real-time instrumentation and subsequently applying the data to evaluate associated human health risks using ModelRisk. Emissions during the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), graphene 2D (G2D) nanomaterials, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and the application of AuNPs on black carbon electrodes were monitored using a NanoScan SMPS Model 3910 and Optical Particle Sizer (OPS) Spectrometer Model 3330. The derived mass-based time-weighted average concentrations were reported for AgNPs and MWCNTs in comparison with occupational exposure limits (OELs). AgNP concentrations of 0.36 µg/m3 and 3.99 µg/m3 for the NanoScan SMPS and OPS, respectively, exceeded the OEL of 0.19 µg/m3, whereas MWCNT concentrations (0.261 µg/m3) remained below the OEL of 1 µg/m3. AuNP synthesis resulted in particle number concentrations exceeding the provisional nano reference value of 20,000 particles/cm3 for the OPS data (3.74 × 104 particles/cm3), whereas application of AuNPs on carbon black electrodes was below this limit. Although no OEL exists for graphene, risk estimates indicated potential adverse health effects like those observed for AgNPs, AuNPs, and MWCNTs. Measured exposure concentrations were applied in a human health risk assessment model, highlighting ENM concentration as a key determinant of risk. These findings emphasise the need for continuous monitoring, further risk assessment studies, and proactive risk management strategies.