Vehicle exhaust emission control systems

<ns3:p>Modern vehicles with spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines are equipped with a range of solutions designed to reduce the environmental impact of combustion products. Continuous improvements to these systems and control methods have enabled vehicle emissions to be reduced to minimal levels. Catalytic converters, particulate filters and selective catalytic reduction systems fitted to the engine exhaust system are now standard. Exhaust gas recirculation systems are also used to prevent the formation of pollutants. The management of pollutant reduction systems is becoming increasingly precise, and in the context of the upcoming Euro 7 standard, the aspect of real-time emissions monitoring is becoming crucial. The design and operation of modern exhaust gas aftertreatment systems utilise both mechatronic solutions that have been in use for years and advanced control methods employing, among other things, predictive models.</ns3:p>