Green Transformation Efficiency of Shanxi's Coal Enterprises Under the Dual-Carbon Goals

Under China's “dual-carbon” strategy, resource-based provinces such as Shanxi face the dual challenge of energy restructuring and industrial upgrading. Using data from 23 coal enterprises from 2015–2024, this study constructs a three-dimensional input–output–undesirable output system and integrates a super-efficiency SBM, Network DEA, and dynamic Malmquist index to measure green transformation efficiency. A barrier model and Tobit regression are applied to identify the dominant constraints and quantify the marginal effects of technology substitution and green finance. The results show that the washing subsystem is the major bottleneck, carbon governance cost and technology substitution rate are the primary obstacles, and the interaction between technological upgrading and green financial leverage increases comprehensive efficiency by 15.4%. The proposed data-driven evaluation and decision-support framework offers a methodological reference for regional low-carbon governance and enterprise digital transformation.