Clinical performance of 3D-printed space maintainers: A systematic appraisal of literature

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical performance, advantages, and limitations of 3D-printed space maintainers used in pediatric dentistry. Methods: The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches were performed across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and related databases using the PICOS framework. Two independent reviewers conducted screening and data extraction. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. Results: Nine eligible studies, including randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, and case reports, were included. Most studies demonstrated moderate to high methodological quality. Findings suggested favorable outcomes for 3D-printed space maintainers in terms of customization, fit accuracy, and patient comfort. However, limitations such as material durability, long-term stability, and lack of standardized fabrication protocols were also reported. Conclusions: 3D-printed space maintainers show promising clinical potential; however, the limited availability of high-quality randomized clinical trials highlights the need for further robust investigations before widespread clinical adoption.