Beyond the genome: clinical challenges in diagnosing LONP1-related mitochondrial disorders

Background LONP1 encodes an ATP-dependent protease essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. LONP1 variants have been associated with cerebral-ocular-dental-auricular-skeletal anomalies syndrome, pediatric cataract, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and neurodevelopmental disorders; moreover, these variants can be inherited in both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant modes. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data and genetic test results of a Chinese boy diagnosed as having mitochondrial encephalopathy. Subsequently, we evaluated the pathogenicity of candidate variants and conducted a literature review encompassing 47 cases of LONP1 variants. Result The proband was a 4.5-year-old boy who had experienced focal epilepsy seizures since birth. He presented with recurrent seizures and did not respond to anti-seizure medications. He showed global developmental delay, microcephaly, pachygyria, and hyperlactatemia. Initial genetic testing through single and trio whole-exome sequencing before 6 months of age yielded no conclusive results. Recurrent seizures and elevated lactic acid levels at 18 months of age prompted reanalysis with trio whole-exome sequencing, leading to the identification of a likely pathogenic variant in LONP1 : c.901C>T (p.Arg301Trp). By 10 months of age, the patient had already developed primary adrenal insufficiency and experienced multiple adrenal crises triggered by respiratory infections, necessitating admission to the intensive care unit. The crises were effectively managed with hydrocortisone. However, despite intensive medical interventions, the patient succumbed to a metabolic crisis triggered by a severe respiratory infection at the age of 4.5 years. Conclusion In this study, we discuss the clinical manifestations and genetic features of a pediatric patient with mitochondrial encephalopathy resulting from a rare LONP1 variant, emphasizing the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of mitochondrial disorders. Furthermore, our findings enhance the understanding of LONP1 -related diseases and offer additional evidence supporting the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of LONP1 .