Application, Controversy and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Facial Recognition in Public Security

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, facial recognition is more extensively applied in the field of public security as an efficient means of identity verification and surveillance. It brings convenience to crime prevention, suspect tracking and emergency response. However, the popularization of this technology has also sparked intense social disputes and governance challenges, mainly focusing on privacy infringement, data security, algorithmic bias, and potential abuse of power. Striking a balance between leveraging technological advantages and safeguarding citizens’ rights has become a key issue. This study classifies, integrates and analyzes the application of artificial intelligence facial recognition in the field of public security by adopting a systematic literature review method. Findings indicate that while its use has expanded across various domains like crime prevention and border control, demonstrating notable efficiency gains, it simultaneously exposes problems such as lagging legal regulations, inconsistent technical standards, and a lack of ethical supervision. The core of the controversy lies in the conflict between technological power and fundamental civil rights. To foster the healthy development of artificial intelligence facial recognition in of public security, a comprehensive governance system integrating technical norms, legal constraints, and ethical guidance is essential.