Insights From Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Genotypes to Decipher the Genetic Architecture of Bladder Cancer Risk

<i>MMP-2</i> rs2285053 and, to a lesser extent, rs243865 polymorphisms may influence BLCA susceptibility and aggressiveness, particularly in the context of age and smoking. These variants may serve as potential biomarkers for personalized risk assessment, pending validation in larger, multiethnic cohorts.