Divergence and Convergence in the Bay of Bengal

This chapter explores the integration of digital technologies into trade policies for advancing the Blue and Circular Economy (BCE) in emerging economies. It examines how bilateral, multilateral, and regional agreements can enable digital transformation in marine-based sectors such as fisheries, aquaculture, eco-tourism, and green shipping. Based on the theoretical frameworks like the Triple Bottom Line and Technological Innovation Systems, the study highlights the role of AI, blockchain, and IoT in enhancing sustainability, reducing marine pollution, and fostering inclusive economic growth in the industry 4.0 and 5.0. Case studies from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kenya, and Norway illustrate diverse digital strategies in marine governance and trade. The chapter also emphasizes human capital development, gender inclusion, and the need for ethical safeguards against digital risks. Policy directions and a research roadmap are provided to guide international collaboration and sustainable economic transition through digital BCE models.