Landscape metaphors as a means of actualizing abstract concepts in English artistic discourse

This article examines landscape metaphor as a cognitive mechanism for representing abstract concepts in literary texts. Using cognitive linguistic as a basis, the novels of T. Hardy and E. Brontë are used to analyze ways of conceptualizing the inner world, time, fate, and social relations through spatial images. The results of the study demonstrate that landscape metaphor serves as a key tool for actualizing complex meanings, shaping the psychological features of characters, and constructing a coherent artistic worldview imbued with cultural connotations.