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Objective Delayed language development in infants under one year of age can lead to persistent developmental consequences. The language of infants under one year primarily develops through face-to-face communication with their parents, such as spontaneous smiling and eye contact with their mother, which fosters language communication and promotes development. This motivates us to explore home-based alternatives. This study aims to assess the feasibility and preliminary effects of a home-based language rehabilitation program for infants aged 0–1, implemented by caregivers. Methods A retrospective study was conducted from May 2021 to March 2023 at Jiangxi Children's Hospital to evaluate the effectiveness of speech therapy interventions. A total of 195 cases were included, of which 83 cases were assigned to the experimental group. The experimental group received regular training based on standardized speech rehabilitation training therapy protocols, specifically utilizing a home-based model in which professional speech rehabilitation training instructors provided guidance. This approach focused on enhancing the use of sign language and its integration into the home environment. The control group consisted of 112 cases, who received conventional speech therapy services provided by specialized speech therapists. The primary outcomes assessed included the improvement in speech and language skills, as well as the progression of language acquisition in both groups. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the effectiveness of the two approaches. Results At the 6-month follow-up, the proportion of infants in the home training group who reached age-appropriate language milestones was significantly higher (72.3% vs. 48.2%, p < 0.01). The caregiver adherence rate was over 85%, and 91.3% of participants expressed high satisfaction with the intervention. No complications related to the intervention were reported. Conclusion During periods of disruption in the healthcare system, home-based language rehabilitation is a feasible and effective method for managing early language delays in infants. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm its long-term benefits.