Sexual risk behaviours and population size estimation of men who have sex with men in Bhutan: a cross-sectional survey

Our study estimated that MSM comprise approximately 1.58% of urban men in Bhutan who originate from diverse geographic areas and sociodemographic backgrounds. Findings inform HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) services for MSM through target setting and effective resource allocation, emphasising the need for targeted HIV prevention addressing low testing rates and high-risk behaviours. Overcoming healthcare discrimination requires tailored interventions and stronger collaboration between health authorities and MSM communities.