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The dataset comprises analytical results of EPMA performed on marbles from amphibolite facies (retrogressed to greenschist and sub-greenschist facies) in the Făgăraș Mountains, central Southern Carpathians. The marbles are components of an intriguing metamorphic unit (Făgăraș terrane) originated from the northern Gondwana margin that accreted to the roots of the Carpathian orogen during its pre-Alpine evolution. We used EPMA data combined with optical mineralogy (microscopic examination of thin sections) to achieve more consistent information on mineral assemblages in the metasedimentary carbonates of the Făgăraș terrane. These would further provide insights on the long and complicated geologic history not only of the marbles, but of the entire rock pile they are comprised within, from protolith to (poly)metamorphic and late hydrothermal activity. Most marbles are dolomitic, inherited from the sedimentary protolith, but also calcitic marbles are present, with calcite replacing dolomite during metamorphism. Samples were collected from marble bands outcropping in the upper Bâlea Valley, at Bâlea Lake, Capra Lake, Fundu Caprei glacial valley, Bâlea Tunnel, Peak 2000, Museteica Mt, and Lespezi Mt. The first version of this dataset contains two tables with the results of ion microprobe analytical data performed on carbonate, silicate and other minerals that form the marble bands in the central Făgăraș unit. In addition, BSE images and EDS analysis on carbonates and mineral micro-inclusions provide visual and analytical details regarding the geochemical composition of the Făgăraș marbles. The dataset stands as supplementary material for an ongoing study on the mineralogy, geochemistry and thermobarometry of the Făgăraș marble, a pilot approach that would allow in-depth knowledge on the geologic evolution of a little known (yet) Carpathian terrane.