Nanosponges: A comprehensive analysis on drug delivery systems for the treatment of diverse diseases

The challenging compounding prerequisites for discovering novel systems have hindered the long-standing ideal of effective, tailored drug delivery. Recent advances in pharmaceutical research have enabled the establishment of nanosized drug delivery systems that precisely transport drugs to their target areas. Disease therapy, biosensing, tailored medication delivery, and environmental protection are just a few fields that can benefit from the application of nanotechnology. Nanosponges are tiny sponges with large spaces between their organic and inorganic layers. By delivering medicine to a specific site in the body and releasing it in a controlled and predictable manner, these tiny sponges address various issues such as drug toxicity and low bioavailability. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic micromolecules, and macromolecules are trapped within the structure. The technology of nanosponges has been extensively studied for the delivery of pharmaceuticals through various routes, including topical application, oral administration, and parental administration. The drug can be more effectively dissolved in water, its bioavailability is enhanced, its toxicity is decreased, it is prevented from degradation, and it may be targeted to a specific spot, allowing for controlled release, all due to this nanocarrier. This article provides a concise overview of their structural characteristics, diverse preparation techniques, and applications, including cancer treatment, topical therapies, and improving the solubility of pharmaceuticals that are poorly soluble in water.