Consistency Between the Definition, Intervention and Assessment of Empathy in Nursing Empathy Intervention Studies: A Literature Review

Our study exposes a significant discrepancy in the alignment of empathy dimensions and knowledge-attitude-behaviour aspects. Researchers should ensure consistency between the definition, intervention and assessment of empathy as well as knowledge-attitude-behaviour aspects for the intervention and assessment. Readers need to be aware of internal contradictions in nursing empathy intervention studies, for they threaten the validity of study results.