Investigation of Serum Claudin-5 Levels in Patients with Heroin Addiction

Our results suggest that serum claudin-5 concentrations are significantly elevated in individuals with HA, regardless of the current phase of drug use, indicating persistent changes in the BBB. Claudin-5 may be a promising peripheral biomarker for heroin-related neurovascular disorder. However, further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the temporal dynamics of claudin-5 expression and its relationship to neurobiological recovery during R.