New and improved strategies for fabricating carbon-based electrodes: A critical perspective on additive manufacturing, laser-induced graphene and their combination

Abstract Carbon-based electrodes are, inarguably, an essential part of electrochemistry. Its great electrical and chemical properties allow for applications ranging from electrocatalysis to energy storage and sensing. Recent advancements in carbon-based electrodes production admit tailored design and materials, enhancing their performance for the specifically desired applications. In this context, additive manufacturing and laser-induced graphene can be highlighted due to their versatility, simplicity and relatively low cost, allowing the production of carbon-based electrodes with great performance in worldwide laboratories. This perspective article intends to critically review the state-of-the-art of these techniques, especially highlighting advances in methodologies, materials and electrode functionalization. Furthermore, a specific section on the use of sustainable materials and eco-friendly strategies is evidenced for both techniques, being a critical aspect in the modern environmental crisis. We hope this review serves as a critical overview of such approaches, providing paths for future exploration for varied electrochemical applications. Graphical abstract