A Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the 6M as a Deviation Investigation Tool in Supply Chain Management

Aim: This study aims to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the 6M framework as a tool for investigating deviations in supply chain management. Methods: A structured qualitative literature review and comparative analysis of peer-reviewed studies and case evidence published between 1985 and 2024 were conducted to evaluate the application and effectiveness of the 6M framework in supply chain contexts. The review encompassed a comprehensive examination of diverse industries and supply chain structures, utilizing a rigorous methodology to ensure the inclusion of high-quality, relevant sources. Results: Findings indicate that, while the 6M framework offers a structured and comprehensive approach to root cause analysis, its effectiveness is significantly constrained in complex, multi-tier supply chains. In these environments, the framework alone is often insufficient to capture the intricate interdependencies and dynamic network-level interactions that frequently drive deviations. Unless the 6M framework is integrated with quantitative and digital analytical tools, such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), advanced data analytics, and digital traceability systems, its practical utility remains limited. Conclusion: The study concludes that, although the 6M framework continues to serve as a valuable foundation for deviation investigation, it should not be relied upon as a standalone tool in modern supply chains. Recommendations: Organizations are strongly recommended to complement the 6M framework with robust quantitative methodologies and digital technologies to enhance analytical rigor, facilitate root cause prioritization, and support more informed decision-making. This integrated approach is essential for effectively addressing the complexities of today's interconnected supply chain environments.