Laser applications in oral precise medicine: from excision to restoration

Precision medicine is increasingly applied in stomatology by enabling personalized diagnosis and treatment tailored to individual patient needs, and fulfilling this promise involves a convergence of medicine and engineering. Laser is a coherent light that functions as a diagnostic tool and provides tailored energy that can be precisely modulated spatially and temporally for direct treatment of diseases and for the production of delicate dental devices. However, reproducible outcomes depend not only on clinical technique but also on system-level factors central to optomechatronics how energy is delivered, sensed, and regulated in the presence of intraoral variability. Stomatology’s complexity and requirement for customized treatment make laser applications attractive across domains such as photobiomodulation, caries removal, and fabrication of dental implants and invisible braces, where accuracy, efficiency, and minimally invasive workflows are often reported. This review synthesizes laser success in oral medicine from both tissue removal and reconstruction perspectives, mapping common modalities to delivery architectures, controllable parameters including spot size, fluence or irradiance, pulse structure, repetition rate, scan speed, and dwell time, and candidate feedback signals. In addition, we highlight the intertwinement of lasers and digitalization, including artificial intelligence–enabled planning, robotic or digitally guided laser treatments, and three-dimensional laser printing of customized devices, with emphasis on integration challenges such as dosimetry reporting consistency, feedback reliability, motion compensation, latency, and safety interlocks.