Emerging Pharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Prospects of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers

Background: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., commonly known as Bermuda grass or "Dhub," is a medicinal herb widely used in Ayurvedic and traditional systems for managing chronic illnesses, diabetes, infections, and inflammatory conditions. Its diverse phytochemical profile comprising terpenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids has drawn growing pharmacological interest. Objective: This review systematically compiles and evaluates recent in vitro, in vivo, and limited clinical evidence regarding the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of C. dactylon, with emphasis on its bioactive constituents, molecular mechanisms, and translational potential, i.e., its ability to progress from experimental findings to standardised therapeutic formulations and future clinical applications. Mechanism: The therapeutic effects of C. dactylon are mediated through modulation of key molecular pathways, including antioxidant defence (enhancement of CAT, SOD, GPx), anti-inflammatory signalling (downregulation of TNF-α, CRP, and nitric oxide pathways), metabolic regulation (inhibition of α-glucosidase and improved glucose uptake), and angiogenic signalling (upregulation of VEGF). These effects are primarily attributed to flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin, orientin, and vitexin. Key Findings: A comprehensive literature review (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar; 1990–2025) reveals potent antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, and angiogenic activities across multiple preclinical models. Conclusion: Despite robust preclinical evidence, significant gaps remain in extract standardisation, mechanistic depth, pharmacokinetics, and clinical validation. Future research should prioritise molecular-level investigations, rigorously designed clinical trials, and advanced delivery systems such as nanoformulations and biomaterial scaffolds. Overall, C. dactylon is a promising phytotherapeutic candidate with meaningful potential to bridge traditional medicine and modern drug development.