Exploring Self-Care Interventions to Improve Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review

<ns7:p>Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a major global health challenge, with suboptimal glycaemic control contributing to preventable complications and reduced quality of life. Self-care is central to T2DM management; however, evidence regarding the types and effectiveness of self-care interventions remains fragmented. Aim This scoping review aimed to map and classify self-care interventions for improving glycaemic control in adults with T2DM and to summarise their effects on haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Methods A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines and Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Searches of PubMed, ProQuest, and Scopus were undertaken for studies published between 2019 and 2024, with the search completed in January 2025. Studies were selected using the Population–Concept–Context framework and included empirical research reporting at least one glycaemic outcome. Data were charted and synthesised descriptively. Results Thirty-three studies were included. Self-care interventions were categorised into four groups: digital health interventions, education and counselling, social and peer support, and multidisciplinary care models. Digital interventions, including mobile applications and telemedicine, were most frequently reported and commonly associated with greater reductions in HbA1c compared with usual care. Educational and culturally tailored programmes improved self-efficacy and adherence, while multidisciplinary approaches demonstrated consistent glycaemic improvements. Conclusion Self-care interventions show generally positive effects on glycaemic control in adults with T2DM, although substantial heterogeneity across studies limits comparability. Future research should prioritise standardised outcomes and assess long-term sustainability.</ns7:p>