Regenerative Potent ial of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in The Treatment of Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Review)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue in the treatment of diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 and their complications. Brief information on the prevalence of the disease is provided, the main existing approaches to the treatment of diabetes mellitus aimed at maintaining normal glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels are considered, the use of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue is based. The main disadvantage of insulin therapy is the impossibility of imitation the physiological regulation of the glycemic profile and completely eliminating vascular complications in patients. This fact became the reason for searching for more advanced techniques using the regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue. The morphological and immunohistochemical features of these cells are described; a wide range of growth factors and signaling molecules determining their immunomodulatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties is characterized. The paracrine effect of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue can be used in transplantation of pancreatic islets to increase their survival. The ability to preserve the residual mass of the patient’s β-cells, as well as to supply their number by differentiating into insulin-producing cells determines the use of these cells in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. At the same time, a positive effect on the mechanisms of insulin resistance, stimulation of glycogenesis and regulation of the glycemic profile characterizes the demand for them in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pluripotency and plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue allow their use in the treatment of diabetic complications: trophic ulcers, diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The state of clinical trials aimed at obtaining evidence-based data on the efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from adipose tissue in the treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus is discussed.