Understanding Barriers in Agricultural Extension Communication and Its Influence on Farmers Adoption to Extension Services: A Systematic Review

This systematic review examined the barriers in agricultural extension communication and their influence on farmers’ participation and adoption of extension services. Evidence from diverse contexts shows that limited funding, inadequate staffing, weak infrastructure, low digital literacy, and insufficient training of extension workers constrain effective knowledge transfer. These barriers reduce farmer engagement, weaken feedback systems, and lower adoption of recommended technologies. Digital and ICT-based tools offer potential to enhance access to information and real-time communication, yet poor connectivity and limited skills restrict their effectiveness. Participatory approaches, capacity building, and institutional support are critical for improving communication, fostering trust, and increasing adoption rates. Strengthening coordination among local governments, research institutions, and farmer organizations further enhances extension outcomes. Addressing technical, institutional, and participatory gaps is essential for sustainable agricultural development and improved farmer livelihoods.