Optical solitons with Kudryashov’s form of local and non-local self-phase modulation structure having fractional temporal evolution

The paper reports optical soliton solutions with Kudryashov-type self-phase modulation and fractional temporal evolution. Two independent integration approaches yield a wide spectrum of soliton solutions. The model provides a framework for mitigating Internet bottleneck effects in optical communication systems. Parameter constraints ensuring existence of the solitons are established.