Enhanced photovoltaic performance and minimal hysteresis of perovskite solar cells using caffeine-modified MAPbI3 light-harvesting material

Perovskite solar cells modified with caffeine were investigated. Caffeine incorporation improves absorption, crystallinity, and device performance, while reducing hysteresis. The best device (1.0 wt% caffeine) achieved PCE = 14.072%, FF = 0.640, Jsc = 23.083 mA/cm, Voc = 0.953 V. Performance enhancement is attributed to reduced recombination and improved charge transport.