Risk factors associated with urinary metal concentrations in middle-aged and older Caribbean adults: the Tobago Health Study

This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of urinary metal concentrations among middle-aged and older adults in Tobago, identifying both modifiable and non-modifiable factors associated with exposure. Twelve metals, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and thallium, were detected in most participants, with some concentrations exceeding those reported in other populations. Distinct urinary metal concentration patterns that varied by demographics and lifestyle factors were observed among men and women. The exposure profiles of adults from Tobago can inform targeted public health strategies and lay the groundwork for future research on the health impacts of metal exposures in this understudied population.